grammar 101

Case of Nouns

2009-09-12T07:08:00.000-07:00

CASE - refers to the relation of noun/pronoun to the rest of the sentence. The cases of noun/pronouns are nominative, possessive, objective

The NOMINATIVE CASE

1. It is in the nominative case when it is the subject of a verb.
Ex. Mark blogs.
Ronie maried Hadjiron.
Merjane and Sarah joined the cheer dance.

2. A predicate nominative comes after a linking verb.
Ex.: The beautiful lady was me.
Hadjiron's wives are Ronie and Rona.

3. It could also be in apposition with a noun/pronoun in the nominative case.
Ex.: That guy, Arnel, is the apple of my eye. (apposition to the subject)

4. It is also used as a direct address. The construction is known as nominative of address or vocative.
Ex.: Listen, gays, and repeat after me.(Gays nominative of address.)

The OBJECTIVE CASE
A noun or pronoun at it's objective case when:

1. It is a verb's direct object
Ex.: She threw the glass on the floor.

2. Used as objects of the preposition
Ex.: Writing from the heart.

3. Used as indirect objects of a verb
Ex. Ronie called my Hadjiron last night.

4. Used as subject of an infinitive
Ex.: John told me that he likes her.

5. Used as an object of an infinitive
Ex.: Jeano told me to text him tonight.

6. Used as predicate nominative after the infinitive to be if the subjecy is also in the objective case.
Ex.: He asked to me to be him for just a day.

7. Used as Objective complement
Ex.: She named the dog Dominic.

8. Used as Retained object after a passive verb
Ex. Peter was given the title.

9. Apposition of the noun or pronoun in the objective case.
Ex. The trainer needs two guys, you and Tim.

The POSSESSIVE CASE
- shows ownership or possession

The following rules are apply to nouns.

1. Form the possessive of singular nouns by adding -'s and in plural by adding -' and in nouns not ending in -s, add -'s.
Ex. boy - boy's pants; boys - boys' pants; men - men's brief

2. Compound nouns form the possessive case by adding -'s to the last word.
Ex.: editor-in-chief's note

3. When two nouns indicate joint ownership, the sign of possession is placed after the second noun.
Ex.: Rye and Rhea's wedding
Hadjiron and Ronie's annulment

When two nouns indicate separate ownership, add sign of possession to both nouns.
Ex.: Marlon's and Steve's girlfriends

4. In such phrases as nobody else or someone else, the sign of possession is placed after the second word.
Ex.: Somebody else's arms.

5. A noun or pronoun introducing a gerund is usually in the possessive case.
Ex.: I remember his confessing today.

6. The possessive personal pronous do not use apostrophe -'
Ex.: hers - not her's.

Gender Nouns

2009-09-11T07:54:00.000-07:00

GENDER - Indicates the sex of the noun like masculine, feminine, neuter and common

1. Masculine nouns denote the male gender
Ex.: man, boy, priest

2. The feminine nouns shows female gender
Ex.: woman, girl, priest

3. Neuter nouns denote inanimate objects
Ex.:house, pen, book

4. The common nouns are referring to names which can either in the male or female gender.
Ex.: teacher, nurse, student

Properties of Nouns and Pronouns

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Number - indicates number of nouns or pronouns, it may be singular or plural

Rules about numbers:

1. It is by adding -s to the noun, a plural form is formed
Ex.: bag - bags, friend - friends

2. Nouns with -y in the end and is preceded by a consonant, form the plural by substituting -y to -i and add -es
Ex.: bunny - bunnies, baby - babies

3. To form the plural of nouns with -s, -x, -z, -ch and sh on the end, simply add -es.
Ex. beach - beaches, bush - bushes

4. Nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant generally form the plural by adding -es.
Ex.: hero - heroes, tomato - tomatoes
Exceptions: alto - altos; solo - solos; piano - pianos; trio - trios

5. Nouns ending in -f/-fe generally form the plural by substituting -f/-fe to -ves
Ex.: calf - calves; shelf - shelves
Except: dwarf; handkerchief

6. Some nouns are the same on both plural and singular form
Ex.: series; corps; cod; deer; sheep; Chinese; Japanese; swine;
species; front; salmon; Swiss; cattle; nose; apparatus

7. Some nouns form the plural by changing the entire word.
Ex.: tooth - teeth; mouse - mice

8. In cases of compound nouns, add -s to the important word to form the plural
Ex.: brother-in-law - brothers-in-law
Note: manservant - manservants; master sergeant - master sergeants
Common nouns with -ful form plural by adding -s
E.g.: teaspoonful - teaspoonfuls

9. In numbers, simply add -s to the singular
E.g.: 1 - 1's; Z - Z's

10. In cases that the noun is preceded by a title, the title or the name may be pluralized
e.g.: Miss Macalam - the Misses Macalam
or the Miss Macalams
Mr. Mariano - the Messrs. Mariano
or the Mr. Marianos

Pronouns

2009-09-09T23:35:00.000-07:00

Pronouns
- a word used in place of a noun

Classification of Pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns - a pronoun used as a subject, it may refer to the speaker, the one being talked about, and the one being talked to.
Ex.: 1st person: I, my, mine
2nd person: you, yours
3rd person: he, his, her, she, they, theirs

2. Interrogative Pronouns - it is used to ask question
Ex.: who, whom, which. what

3. Relative Pronoun - it is both a pronoun and a connective. When used as connectives, they introduce the kind of clause, such as dependent or subordinate clause or main clause.
Ex.: relative pronouns:
who, whom, whose, which, that, whoever, whomever and whichever

4. Demonstrative Pronouns- used to point out
Ex.: this, that, these, those

5. Indefinite Pronouns- does not indicate a definite number of noun
Ex.: another, both, any, anybody, anyone, either, neither, none

6. Compound and personal Pronouns - the pronouns which are added with self
Ex.: Himself, herself, yourself,itself

7. Reciprocal Pronouns - shows reciprocation
Ex.: each other, one another

Nouns

2009-09-09T23:21:00.000-07:00

Nouns

- a name word for things, places and person

Classification of Nouns

1. Common Nouns - it points out a class of persons, places, or things.

Ex.: man, city, rock

2. Proper Nouns - a specific name of a person

Ex.: Mark, Merjane, Marlon, Ronie, Stacy, Peter, Nove, Sarah, Charlyn

3. Collective Nouns - also known as group name

Ex.: Family, group, fleet, flock

4. Concrete Nouns - a name given to the things which can be perceived by our senses

Ex.: pencil, bag, girl

5. Abstract Nouns - a name given to ideas

Ex.: hatred, hunger, lust, love, beauty

6. Compound Nouns - a noun made up of one or two words

Ex.: Editor-in-chief, mother-in-law

7. Substantive Nouns - any word or words used as noun substitutes (a.k.a pronouns)

it, he, they, she,